The user experience for crypto transactions is becoming easier every day. And many crypto enthusiasts use it without understanding all the aspects of how it works. While there’s no wrong way to go on your crypto journey, understanding critical functions like transaction malleability will serve you well.
What is Transaction Malleability?
Transaction malleability is a function of Bitcoin transactions where the unique identifier of a transaction, called the transaction ID (TXID), can be altered before the transaction is confirmed on the blockchain. This alteration does not change the content of the transaction, such as the amount sent or the recipient’s address, but it does change how the transaction is referenced.
When you send Bitcoin, the network generates a transaction with a specific TXID. This TXID is a hash of the transaction data, serving as its unique identifier. However, before the transaction is included in a block and confirmed, certain information can be modified. These modifications, often in the transaction’s signature, can change the TXID without affecting the transaction's validity.
How Does Transaction Malleability Work?
Understanding the structure of a Bitcoin transaction and the way TXIDs are generated will help explain how transaction malleability works. Bitcoin transactions consist of several components:
Inputs — which reference previous transactions
Outputs — which specify the recipient addresses and amounts
A cryptographic signature
The TXID is a hash of all these components combined. Since a hash is a one-way function that produces a unique output for a given input, any change to the input data will result in a different hash, and thus a different TXID.
Transaction malleability does not change a transaction's outputs, but it can change the TXID. Think of it as giving a library book a new reference number. The content of the book is still the same, but where it is placed in the library may be different.
Benefits of Transaction Malleability
Flexibility: Malleability allows some flexibility in how transactions are managed and processed. For example, if a mistake is made in the initial transaction signature, it can be corrected without altering the transaction's core details.
Multi-signature and complex scripts: In multi-signature transactions or complex smart contracts, transaction malleability can offer a way to modify signatures and scripts without affecting the underlying transaction.
Blockchain forensics and analysis: By observing how transactions can be altered, researchers can gain insights into the behavior of nodes, transaction propagation, and network security.
Vulnerabilities with Transaction Malleability
Transaction malleability is useful because it can allow things like replace-by-fee functions—but it does have some dangers. For example, let’s say you send Bitcoin to someone and they give you the TXID to confirm the transaction. If the TXID is altered before the transaction is confirmed, the one you have will no longer match the one on the blockchain. There is also potential for a transaction to seem stuck, like it didn’t go through, even though it did.
Here’s how a TXID can be modified:
Modifying the Signature: Bitcoin transactions are signed to prove the sender has the private key corresponding to the input addresses. However, it’s possible to add extra data or change non-essential parts of the signature.
Non-Canonical Encodings: Signatures in Bitcoin transactions are encoded using a format called DER (Distinguished Encoding Rules). By slightly altering this encoding, attackers can create a new transaction with a different TXID.
ScriptSig Modification: The ScriptSig is a part of the transaction input which enables the previous output being spent to be unlocked. The ScriptSig can be altered in ways that don’t affect the unlocking process but do change the TXID.
These methods allow attackers to change the TXID without altering the transfer of Bitcoin. This can lead to a number of issues:
Double-Spending: An attacker could spend the same Bitcoin twice by broadcasting a modified transaction after the original transaction is sent but before it is confirmed.
Payment Tracking Issues: Services that track payments using TXIDs may fail to recognize altered transactions, causing delays or errors in confirming payments.
Disputes and Confusion: Users relying on specific TXIDs for transaction verification may find it difficult to track their transactions.
Why is it Important for Bitcoin Security?
Transaction malleability significantly impacts the security and reliability of Bitcoin transactions.
Double Spending Attempts
One of the most serious consequences of transaction malleability is the potential for double-spending attacks. This is when an attacker modifies the TXID of a transaction and broadcasts the altered version to the network. If the altered transaction is confirmed first, the original transaction becomes invalid. This allows attackers to spend someone else’s Bitcoin, commandeering the original transaction and causing it to be canceled.
Tracking and Confirming Issues
Transaction malleability also complicates the tracking and confirmation of transactions. Many services and applications rely on TXIDs to monitor the status of transactions. When the TXID changes due to malleability, these systems may fail to recognize the new TXID, leading to delays and errors in confirming payments.
Impacts on Wallet Software
Wallet software and other Bitcoin applications track transactions using TXIDs. If a transaction’s TXID changes before it is confirmed, the software may lose track of the transaction, leading to inaccurate balances and transaction histories. This can result in users believing their transactions have failed, prompting them to resend payments or contact support for assistance.
How Do You Address Transaction Malleability?
Addressing transaction malleability issues is crucial for maintaining the security and reliability of the Bitcoin network. A short explanation of how the network operates reveals how.
Bitcoin network upgrades
Segregated Witness, commonly known as SegWit, is an upgrade to the Bitcoin protocol which addresses transaction malleability. Introduced in 2017, SegWit changes the way transaction data is stored. It separates the transaction’s signature or witness data from the transaction ID. This prevents alterations to the TXID after a transaction is broadcasted.
Today, SegWit has been widely adopted across the Bitcoin network. Major exchanges, wallet providers, and payment processors have implemented SegWit because of its advantages. It reduced transaction malleability, increased block capacity, and lowered transaction fees.
The adoption rate continues to grow as more users and services recognize the benefits of SegWit and update their systems to support this protocol upgrade. As of now, a significant portion of Bitcoin transactions utilize SegWit, contributing to a more secure and efficient network.
User precautions
As a user, one way to protect against transaction malleability is to use SegWit addresses for your Bitcoin transactions. SegWit addresses start with a “3” or “bc1” prefix and are very common in today’s ecosystem. Using SegWit addresses, you can make transactions less susceptible to malleability issues.
Most modern wallets have integrated SegWit, but it’s worth checking that your wallet is up-to-date and properly configured. SegWit-enabled wallets both protect against transaction malleability and reduce transaction fees. Regularly updating your wallet software also ensures you receive the latest security enhancements and features.
However, even with SegWit, it’s a good practice to verify the details and confirmations of your transactions. Make sure the transaction amount, recipient address, and other details are correct before sending Bitcoin. After you initiate a transaction, monitor its status until it is confirmed on the blockchain.
Conclusion
Like most features and functions in blockchain technology, transaction malleability has benefits and vulnerabilities. However, as the ecosystem evolves, the issues created can be resolved. As a user, it’s important to stay informed about the best features and safety practices to ensure your crypto transactions remain safe and secure.